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Siege of Mons (1572)
The Siege of Mons of 1572 took place at Mons, capital of the County of Hainaut, Spanish Netherlands (present-day Belgium), between June 23 and September 19, 1572, as part of the Eighty Years' War, the Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604), and the French Wars of Religion.〔〔 In the spring of 1572, after the capture of Valenciennes by a Protestant force under Louis of Nassau, the Dutch commander continued with his offensive and took Mons by surprise on 24 May.〔〔(The Eighty Years War (1568-1648) )〕 After three months of siege, and the defeats of the armies of Adrien de Hangest, Seigneur de Genlis, and William the Silent, Prince of Orange ''(Dutch: Willem van Oranje)'', by the Spanish army led by Don Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, Duke of Alba (''"The Iron Duke"''), Governor-General of the Spanish Netherlands,〔 and his son, Don Fadrique de Toledo,〔 Louis of Nassau's forces, isolated and without any hope of help, surrendered Mons to the Duke of Alba on September 19.〔〔Hernán/Maffi p.24〕〔''Without French assistance, William of Orange, leading a German mercenary army to aid his brother, was driven back into Germany; the garrison of Mons was thus cut off and –eventually– forced to accept the terms.'' Trim p.162〕
==Background==
In early May, 1572, Louis of Nassau, one of the major commanders of the Dutch rebel forces, encouraged by the victory at Brielle by the Sea Beggars (1 April),〔 Elliott p.140〕 and supported by the Huguenot leader Gaspard de Coligny, invaded the Spanish Netherlands with an army composed by German, English, Scottish and French soldiers, and took Valenciennes on 21 May.〔〔Tracy p.82〕 On May 23, Louis of Nassau arrived at Mons with 1,000 infantry and 500 cavalry, who encamped in the environs of the city.〔Macgregor p.204〕 At the next day, after finding out the schedules of opening of the doors of Mons, Nassau entered the city by surprise with the cavalry, and then, the rest of his forces, defeating the small Spanish garrison.〔''Mons was the capital of Hainaut, and an important town, protected by lofty walls, a triple moat, and a strong citadel.'' Macgregor p.203〕 Louis took control of the city, and a few days later, was reinforced by about 4,500 infantry and cavalry under the command of the Count of Montgomery.〔
When the news reached the Spanish headquarters, Don Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, Duke of Alba, Governor-General of the Spanish Netherlands, and commander-in-chief of the Spanish forces in the Low Countries, sent his son Don Fadrique with 4,000 soldiers〔 (other 16,000 soldiers were coming from the north), along with the ''Maestre de Campo'' Chiappino Vitelli, to defeat Louis of Nassau and retrieve Mons.〔 On June 23, Fadrique's forces arrived at Mons and laid siege to the city.〔 Furthermore, in early June, the Duke of Alba, at the head of the bulk of the Spanish army, recaptured Valenciennes after a feeble defence of the Protestant garrison, depriving the rebels, and their French allies, of one of their main bases.〔
Meanwhile, William of Orange, Prince of Orange, had recruited in Germany an army of 14,000 soldiers of infantry and 3,000 of cavalry (11,000 infantry and 6,000 cavalry according to other sources),〔 and on July 7, William crossed the Rhine, entering the Netherlands.〔
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